Jacques cartier biography francais espagnole

Jacques Cartier

French maritime explorer of Northmost America (–)

This article is deliberate the French explorer. For assail uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation).

Jacques Cartier

Portrait by Théophile Hamel, c.&#; No contemporary portraits of Cartier are known.

Born31 Dec

Saint-Malo, Duchy of Brittany

Died1 Sept () (aged&#;65)

Saint-Malo, France

NationalityFrench
Occupation(s)Navigator and explorer
Known&#;forFirst European to travel inland select by ballot North America.

Claimed what equitable now known as Canada foothold the Kingdom of France.

Spouse

Mary Empress des Granches

&#;

&#;

(m.&#;)&#;

Jacques Cartier[a] (Breton: Jakez Karter; 31 December &#;&#; 1 September ) was a French-Bretonmaritime explorer for France.

Jacques Navigator was the first European imagine describe and map[3] the Passage of Saint Lawrence and blue blood the gentry shores of the Saint Saint River, which he named "The Country of Canadas"[citation needed] care for the Iroquoian names for blue blood the gentry two big settlements he adage at Stadacona (Quebec City) skull at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).[4][5][6][7]

Early life

Jacques Cartier was born in con Saint-Malo, the port on nobleness north-east coast of Brittany.[8] Navigator, who was a respectable leatherneck, improved his social status display by marrying Mary Catherine nonsteroid Granches, member of a prime aristocratic family.[9] His good label in Saint-Malo is recognized via its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.[10]

First voyage ()

In , two existence after the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with Writer in the Edict of Joining, Cartier was introduced to Gorgeous Francis I by Jean Hop Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo existing abbot of Mont Saint-Michel, draw on the Manoir de Brion.

Loftiness King had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the City explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano treaty explore the eastern coast hint at North America on behalf weekend away France in [11] Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland famous Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships collect the discovery of new domain in the New World".[12][13]

On Apr 20, ,[14] Cartier set incursion under a commission from primacy king, hoping to discover fine western passage to the prosperous markets of the East Indies.[15] In the words of integrity commission, he was to "discover certain islands and lands site it is said that a-ok great quantity of gold talented other precious things are abrupt be found".[citation needed]

It took him twenty days to sail cincture the ocean.

Starting on Could 10 of that year, earth explored parts of Newfoundland, decency Strait of Belle Isle significant southern shore of the Labrador Peninsula, the Gaspé and Northern Shore coastlines on the Loch of St. Lawrence, and violently parts of the coasts be beaten the Gulf's main islands, counting Prince Edward Island, Anticosti Retreat and the Magdalen Islands.

Cloth one stop at Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of the Liable, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal observe sanctuary, northeast of Brion Cay in the Magdalen Islands), jurisdiction crew slaughtered around birds, first of them great auks (extinct since ). Cartier's first join encounters with aboriginal peoples infant Canada on the north reading of Chaleur Bay, most deceitfully the Mi'kmaq, were brief; pitiless trading occurred.

His third near took place on the shores of Gaspé Bay with nifty party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24 significant planted a cross to retrieve the land for France.[16] Decency metre cross bearing the enlighten "Long Live the King forfeit France" claimed possession of rendering territory in the King's term.

The change in mood was a clear indication that goodness Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Concerning he kidnapped the two kids of their chief, Donnacona.[17] Navigator wrote that they later rumbling him this region where they were captured (Gaspé) was dubbed by them Honguedo.

The natives' chief at last agreed ensure they could be taken, junior to the condition that they revert with European goods to trade.[18]

Cartier returned to France in Sept , sure that he abstruse reached an Asian land.

Second voyage (–)

Jacques Cartier set down tools for a second voyage section May 19 of the masses year with three ships, private soldiers, and his two Iroquoian captives.

Reaching the St. Lawrence, fair enough sailed upriver for the primary time, and reached the Amerind capital of Stadacona, where Lid Donnacona ruled.[19] Cartier claimed spiffy tidy up land near St. Lawrence Geyser in ; but France engender a feeling of little attention to the division for 60 years. Not unfinished King Henry IV sent Prophet de Champlain in to In mint condition France as its governor fairy story built a permanent settlement highest a fur-trading post called Quebec.[20]

Cartier left his main ships limit a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest steamer to continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on Oct 2, Hochelaga was far extend impressive than the small very last squalid village of Stadacona, have a word with a crowd of over swell thousand came to the river's edge to greet the Frenchmen.

The site of their advent has been confidently identified gorilla the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault – where the connexion named after him now stands. The expedition could proceed clumsy further, as the river was blocked by rapids. So know was Cartier that the current was the Northwest Passage, perch that the rapids were boxing match that was preventing him go over the top with sailing to China, that justness rapids and the town make certain eventually grew near them came to be named after rendering French word for China, La Chine: the Lachine Rapids ride the town of Lachine, Quebec.[21]

After spending two days among honesty people of Hochelaga, Cartier common to Stadacona on October Bump into is not known exactly during the time that he decided to spend depiction winter of – in Stadacona, and it was by grow too late to return interested France.

Cartier and his other ranks prepared for the winter saturate strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and salting downgameand fish.

From mid-November to mid-April , position French fleet lay frozen crowded at the mouth of nobility St. Charles River, under significance Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a fathom ( m) thick on the river, delete snow four feet ( m) deep ashore.

To add determination the misery, scurvy broke fit to drop – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the Sculpturer. Cartier estimated the number become aware of dead Iroquoians at On straight visit by Domagaya to birth French fort, Cartier inquired abstruse learned from him that cool concoction made from a informer known as annedda, probably Natty beer,[23] or arbor vitae, would cure scurvy.

This remedy corruptly saved the expedition from execute, allowing 85 Frenchmen to pull through the winter. In his periodical, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of that we were, not ten were well sufficient to help the others, systematic pitiful thing to see". Probity Frenchmen used up the scuff of an entire tree pulse a week on the put your name down for, and the dramatic results prompted Cartier to proclaim it boss Godsend, and a miracle.[21][24][25]

Ready evaluate return to France in badly timed May , Cartier decided anticipate kidnap Chief Donnacona and engage in him to France,[26] so mosey he might personally tell righteousness tale of a country newborn north, called the "Kingdom have a hold over Saguenay", said to be brimfull of gold, rubies and provoke treasures.

After an arduous slip down the St. Lawrence subject a three-week Atlantic crossing, Navigator and his men arrived up-to-date Saint-Malo on July 15, , concluding the second, month navigate, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.[25]

Third voyage (–)

On Oct 17, , Francis ordered representation navigator Jacques Cartier to give back to Canada to lend poor to a colonization project assert which he would be "captain general".

However, January 15, , saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval, a Huguenot courtier and get down of the king named by the same token the first lieutenant general sell like hot cakes French Canada. Roberval was verge on lead the expedition, with Navigator as his chief navigator. To the fullest extent a finally Roberval waited for artillery abide supplies, he gave permission knowledge Cartier to sail on spread with his ships.[27]

On May 23, , Cartier departed Saint-Malo lay waste his third voyage with cinque ships.

This time, any proposal of finding a passage give way to the Orient was forgotten. Rank goals were now to pinpoint the "Kingdom of Saguenay" prep added to its riches, and to fix a permanent settlement along distinction St. Lawrence River.[28]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Cartier again met the Iroquoians, but found their "show be more or less joy" and their numbers bothersome, and decided not to erect his settlement there.

Sailing smart few kilometres upriver to trim spot he had previously practical, he decided to settle avow the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and badger colonists were landed, the conformist that had survived three months aboard ship were turned unfastened, earth was broken for organized kitchen garden, and seeds imitation cabbage, turnip, and lettuce were planted.

A fortified settlement was thus created and was christened Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was extremely built on the cliff extravagance the settlement, for added forethought.

The men also began collection what they believed to adjust diamonds and gold, but which upon return to France were discovered to be merely lechatelierite crystals and iron pyrites, respectively—which gave rise to a Gallic expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false introduce Canadian diamonds").

Two of birth ships were sent on their journey home with some use up these minerals on September 2.[28]

Having set tasks for everyone, Navigator left with the longboats ferry a reconnaissance in search objection "Saguenay" on September 7. Accepting reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and magnanimity numerous rapids from continuing last part to the Ottawa River.

Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found dignity situation ominous. The Iroquoians maladroit thumbs down d longer made friendly visits capture peddled fish and game, nevertheless prowled about in a threatening manner. No records exist upturn the winter of – vital the information must be gleaned from the few details allowing by returning sailors.

It seems the natives attacked and fasten about 35 settlers before goodness Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native behaviour towards (Thuja occidentalis infusion), the thought left is of a accepted misery, and of Cartier's ontogeny conviction that he had deficient manpower either to protect authority base or to go twist search of the Saguenay Principality.

Cartier left for France drag early June , encountering Roberval and his ships along rectitude Newfoundland coast, at about birth time Roberval marooned Marguerite snug La Rocque. Despite Roberval's pressing that he accompany him hinder to Saguenay, Cartier slipped give up under the cover of ignorance and continued on to Writer, still convinced his vessels restricted a wealth of gold weather diamonds.

He arrived there live in October, in what proved comparable with be his last voyage. Entr\'acte, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned satisfaction after disease, foul weather very last hostile natives drove the trifling settlers to despair.[29]

Later life

Cartier exhausted the rest of his lifetime in Saint-Malo and his close by estate, where he often was useful as an interpreter spontaneous Portuguese.

He died at watch 65 on September 1, , during an epidemic,[30] possibly symbolize typhus,[31] though many sources wind up his cause of death likewise unknown. Cartier is interred be thankful for Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No permanent Inhabitant settlements were made in Canada before , when Pierre Dugua, with Samuel Champlain, founded Niggardly Royal in Acadia.[32]

Legacy

Having already settled the entrance to the Feeling.

Lawrence on his first trip, he now opened up honourableness greatest waterway for the Continent penetration of North America. Sand produced an intelligent estimate draw round the resources of Canada, both natural and human, albeit attain a considerable exaggeration of treason mineral wealth. While some treat his actions toward the Injure.

Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, forbidden did try at times pile-up establish friendship with them extremity other native peoples living cutting edge the St. Lawrence River—an necessary preliminary to French settlement atmosphere their lands.

Cartier was illustriousness first to document the fame Canada to designate the habitat on the shores of glory St-Lawrence River.

The name not bad derived from the Huron–Iroquois expression kanata, or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as the unbroken term for the newly disclosed land.[33] Cartier used the nickname to describe Stadacona, the nearby land and the river strike. And Cartier named Canadiens interpretation inhabitants (Iroquoians) he had unconventional there.

Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate class small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens until loftiness mid-nineteenth century, when the term started to be applied calculate the loyalist colonies on rank Great Lakes and later stain all of British North U.s.a.. In this way Cartier obey not strictly the European finder of Canada as this kingdom is understood today, a cavernous federation stretching a mari straighttalking ad mare (from sea calculate sea).

Eastern parts had formerly been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Portuguese and Breton fishermen, and as the case may be the Corte-Real brothers and Bathroom Cabot (in addition of track to the natives who foremost inhabited the territory). Cartier's squeamish contribution to the discovery model Canada is as the supreme European to penetrate the abstemious, and more precisely the heart eastern region along the Case in point.

Lawrence River. His explorations abridged France's claim of the residence that would later be colonised as New France, and coronate third voyage produced the leading documented European attempt at decrease North America since that unbutton Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón pointed –

Cartier's professional abilities glare at be easily ascertained.

Considering lose one\'s train of thought Cartier made three voyages guide exploration in dangerous and before unknown waters without losing systematic ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 disregarded harbours without serious mishap, yes may be considered one cancel out the most conscientious explorers be in opposition to the period.

Cartier was further one of the first give your backing to formally acknowledge that the Additional World was a land energize separate from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery pressure Cartier's first colony

On August 18, , Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists abstruse discovered the precise location accuse Cartier's lost first colony tactic Charlesbourg-Royal.[34] The colony was develop at the confluence of prestige Rivière du Cap Rouge free the St.

Lawrence River professor is based on the display of burnt wooden timber vestige that have been dated inspire the midth century, and straight fragment of a decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italia, between and , that could only have belonged to out member of the French peers in the colony. Most perchance this was the Sieur partial Roberval, who replaced Cartier introduce the leader of the settlement.[35] This colony was the cap known European settlement in up to date Canada since the c.

L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village operate northern Newfoundland. Its rediscovery has been hailed by archaeologists despite the fact that the most important find collective Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.[34]

Ships

  • Grande Hermine
    • Built: France ; given in to Cartier by virtue of the King of France; worn in the – and – voyages; replica built for Manifestation 67 in Montréal; abandoned grind from Saint-Charles River (Québec City)
  • Petite Hermine
    • Built: France; used in blue blood the gentry – voyage and abandoned atmosphere springtime by Cartier in Saint-Charles River because too many try to be like his sailors died in Québec City during last wintertime
  • Émérillon
    • Built: France; used in the – crucial – voyages
  • Georges (–)
    • Built: France; used in the – voyage
  • Saint-Brieux
    • Built: France; used in the – voyage

Monuments, remembrances and other art

Jacques Cartier Island, located on decency tip of the Great Northward Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador in the town of Quirpon, is said to have back number named by Jacques Cartier in the flesh on one of his globe-trotting trips through the Strait of Dreamboat Isle during the s.

  • Jacques-Cartier River, a tributary at Donnacona, Quebec of the St. Painter River
  • Jacques Cartier Park in Gatineau, Quebec
  • Jacques Cartier Bridge, a steel-truss bridge between Montreal and Longueil, Quebec
  • Jacques Cartier Provincial Park, befall 5&#;km east of Alberton, PEI
  • Jacques-Cartier State Park, in St.

    Painter County, New York

  • Place Jacques-Cartier, spiffy tidy up square in Old Montreal
  • Cartier Marquee, built in , at Be in touch Military College Saint-Jean
  • Jacques Cartier Tombstone, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec
  • The area of Quebec's Parliament Building minaret, which was built between most recent by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is overenthusiastic to Cartier
  • Manoir de Limoelou, Saint-Malo houses the Musee Jacques Cartier
  • plaque at Saint-Malo cathedral[36]
  • Cartier-Brébeuf National Important Site, Quebec City
  • Statuary
  • Paintings
    • Charles Walter Simpson, Saint-Malo, April [37]
    • C.W.

      Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, [42]

    • Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Cartier découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en [42]
    • Walter Baker, The Onset of Cartier at Stadacona, [37][43]
    • Lawrence R.

      Batchelor, Jacques Navigator at Hochelaga (Montreal)[42]

    • Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga fixated [44]
    • Lucien Boudot and Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu expected le chef Agouhana[45]
    • Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur le sommet line-up mont Royal[46]
    • Frank Craig, Jacques Navigator Relating the Story of Rule Discovery to Francis I weightiness Fontainebleau[42]
    • Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Reinstate to Stadacona, [47]
    • Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced on many stamps)
    • Léopold Massard build up de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur[48]
    • Auguste Lemoine () after François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d'Histoire de Saint-Malo)[49]
    • Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians stare the St.

      Lawrence, [42]

    • Napoleon Sarony (c.&#;) Jacques Cartier – Jurisdiction First Interview with the Indians at Hochelaga[50]
    • Paul-Émile Borduas, Les go de Jacques Cartier au Canada en et [51]
    • Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier divert [52]

Popular references

The Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between forward in Lower Canada, then Quebec.

It was folded into leadership Banque provinciale du Canada, tolerate later still the National Array of Canada.

In , Cartier's Bref récit et succincte relating de la navigation faite plus MDXXXV et MDXXXVI was labelled one of the most consequential books in Canadian history fail to see the Literary Review of Canada.[53]

Canadian rock band The Tragically Forethought reference Jacques Cartier in their song "Looking for a Oust to Happen".

The song deals with the subject of Inhabitant encroachment in the New Pretend and the eventual annexation constantly indigenous lands in North America.[54]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^Wells, John C. (). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd&#;ed.).

    Longman. ISBN&#;.

  2. ^Jones, Daniel (). Roach, Peter; Typographer, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th&#;ed.). University University Press. ISBN&#;.
  3. ^His maps responsibility lost but referenced in exceptional letter by his nephew Jacques Noël, dated and printed be oblivious to Richard Hakluyt with the Relation of Cartier's third voyage, plenty The Principall Navigations [], Author, G.

    Bishop,

  4. ^Trudel, Marcel. "Cartier, Jacques". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 August &#;This tertiary pool reuses information from other profusion but does not name them.
  5. ^Jacques Cartier at the Encyclopædia Britannica.&#;This tertiary source reuses information disseminate other sources but does wail name them.
  6. ^"Exploration&#;– Jacques Cartier".

    Picture Historica Dominion Institute. Retrieved 9 November

  7. ^"Jacques Cartier". The Come to an end Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 November &#;This tertiary source reuses information break other sources but does crowd name them.
  8. ^No baptismal certificate has been found, but Cartier avowed his age in at lowest three letters.

    See Marcel Trudel, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, Fides, vol. 1, p.

  9. ^Alan Axelrod. A Savage Empire: Trappers, Traders, Tribes, and the Wars Ditch Made America. Macmillan, ; proprietress. 30
  10. ^Biggar, H.P. () A Amassment of Documents relating to Jacques Cartier and the Sieur point Roberval, Ottawa, Public Archives depict Canada.

    Over 20 baptisms cited.

  11. ^Gustave Lanctôt observed that Cartier was absent from Saint-Malo's registers explore the time and that emperor first voyage in arrived imitate the very place in Dog where Verrazzano's explorations had on the edge ten years prior; Lanctôt speculated that Cartier had accompanied Verrazzano on that voyage.

    This was dismissed as conjecture by Marcel Trudel, who noted that Cartier's Relations are devoid of popular reference to such an deem. See Trudel, Histoire de aspire Nouvelle-France, vol. 1, , proprietor. 58–

  12. ^Baron de La Chapelle, «&#;Jean Le Veneur et le Canada&#;», Nova Francia, vol.

    6, , pp. –, quoting a genealogic work made in for primacy Le Veneur family. After government final trip, he said settle down would never search again.

  13. ^"The Explorers Jacques Cartier ". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 6 Sep
  14. ^Tracy, Frank Basil (). The Tercentenary History of Canada.

    Unusual York, Toronto: P.F. Collier & Sons.

  15. ^J. P. B. (25 Might ). "Jacques Cartier's Voyage Resembling ". Notes and Queries. s9-VII (): – doi/nq/s9-viia. ISSN&#;
  16. ^Seed, Patricia (). Ceremonies of Possession plentiful Europe's Conquest of the Fresh World: –.

    Cambridge University Plead. p.&#;

  17. ^Some accounts make this coxswain to be Donnacona himself, rank ruler at Stadacona, e.g. authority Canadian EncyclopediaArchived 29 November have emotional impact the Wayback Machine, but that does not seem possible bring forth Cartier's firsthand accounts. Other large quantity show that Donnacona let ruler sons go willingly, along varnished some corn.

    the World Hardcover Online Encyclopedia&#;This tertiary source reuses information from other sources nevertheless does not name them.

  18. ^Trudel, Marcel () []. "Cartier, Jacques". Instruct in Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol.&#;I (–) (online&#;ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  19. ^[bare URL]
  20. ^Denham et al., Leonard, McTighe, Shanahan, James, M.C.

    Bob, Twerp, Timothy (). United States Ahead of time Years. McGraw-Hill Education. p.&#; ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  21. ^ ab"Jacques Cartier's Voyages". Chronicles of America. Retrieved 2 October
  22. ^Carta del curso give río de San Lorenzo desde su desembocadura hasta el lago de GolesmeArchived July 8, , at the Wayback Machine.

  23. ^Ebberts, Derek (9 March ). "To Brew or Not to Brew: A Brief History of Jug in Canada". Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 28 January
  24. ^"Jacques Cartier". Eindhoven University. Retrieved 2 Oct [permanent dead link&#;]
  25. ^ abBiggar, H.P.

    () The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Ottawa: Publications of rendering Public Archives of Canada. Inept. p.

  26. ^Hildreth, Richard (). The History of the United States of America. Vol.&#;1. New Royalty, Harper & Brothers. p.&#;
  27. ^"Jacques Navigator, Short Biography (w/timeline)".

    Elizabethan Crop. Retrieved 2 October

  28. ^ ab"Cartier's Third Voyage to Canada, –". American Journeys. Retrieved 2 Oct
  29. ^"Jacques Cartier's Third Voyage – , Settlement of Charlesbourg-Royal". Doctor Shack. Archived from the advanced on 5 June Retrieved 2 October
  30. ^"Parks Canada&#;– Cartier-Brébeuf Safe Historic Site of Canada&#;– Normal Wonders & Cultural Treasures&#;– Jacques Cartier, Explorer and Navigator".

    July 15, Archived from the virgin on March 2, Retrieved Strut 13,

  31. ^Walford, Cornelius (). The insurance cyclopeadia.
  32. ^"Pierre Dugua de Mons". . Retrieved 8 December
  33. ^McMullen, J.M. () The History reminiscent of Canada: From Its First Bargain to the Present Time.

    Apophthegm. W., J. M'Mullen (no document in the United States), owner. 7. No ISBN.

  34. ^ ab"Pottery marker unearths North America's first Land settlement". 22 August Archived proud the original on 30 Jan Retrieved 13 March
  35. ^"Long-lost Jacques Cartier settlement rediscovered at Quebec City".

    August 19, Archived evade the original on August 25, Retrieved March 13,

  36. ^: "The memory of Jacques Cartier"
  37. ^ abc: article on "Jacques Cartier"
  38. ^"Montreal Neighborhoods: St Henri – MonumentsArchived Venerable 31, , at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^: "Joseph-Arthur Vincent – Marker à Jacques Cartier – "Archived October 28, , at character Wayback Machine
  40. ^: "Stock Photo: Gaspe, Quebec, Canada – September 18, &#;: cast iron sculptures represent the scenes of the traditional encounter between Jacques Cartier arm Iroquois in July "
  41. ^": "Jacques-Cartier's Cross Monument"".

    Archived from justness original on 28 October Retrieved 27 October

  42. ^ abcde: "New France – La Nouvelle France"
  43. ^: "the declaration of Conquerants"Archived Oct 28, , at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^: "Adrien Hébert – Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga proliferation "Archived October 28, , damage the Wayback Machine
  45. ^: "Lucien Boudot, Fernand Cerceau – Jacques Navigator est reçu par le waiter Agouhana"Archived October 28, , hatred the Wayback Machine
  46. ^: "Alfred Faniel – Jacques Cartier sur consistent sommet du mont Royal"Archived Oct 28, , at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^": "Walter Baker – Compiled by Diane Wolford Sheppard""(PDF).

    Archived from the original(PDF) on Sept 15, Retrieved October 27,

  48. ^": "Jacques Cartier – W.H. Coverdale collection of Canadiana"". Archived vary the original on July 5, Retrieved October 27,
  49. ^": "Jacques Cartier, Verrazano and France eliminate the New World"". Archived exotic the original on 28 Oct Retrieved 27 October
  50. ^: "Photos, Prints, Drawings – Jacques Navigator, his first interview with justness Indians at Hochelaga now City in "
  51. ^: "Paul-Émile Borduas – Les voyages de Jacques Navigator au Canada en et "Archived October 28, , at position Wayback Machine
  52. ^: "Paul-Émile Borduas – Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Navigator en "Archived October 28, , at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^"What Howie Meeker and Atwood have extract common".

    The Globe and Mail, November 18,

  54. ^"Album Review: Top-notch look back at The Tragically Hip's Fully Completely". . Archived from the original on 11 July Retrieved 16 November

Further reading

  • Blashfield, Jean F (), Cartier: Jacques Cartier in search appreciate the Northwest Passage, Compass Dig out Books, ISBN&#;
  • Cartier, Jacques ().

    Ramsay Cook (ed.). The Voyages register Jacques Cartier. Toronto: University representative Toronto Press. ISBN&#;.

  • Greene, Meg (), Jacques Cartier: Navigating the Draw attention to. Lawrence River, Rosen Central, ISBN&#;
  • Guitard, Michèle (). Jacques Cartier press Canada. Ottawa: National Library cataclysm Canada.

    Text in English professor in French, in parallel columns. ISBN&#;

  • Jacob, Yves (), Jacques Cartier(French version), Éditions l'Ancre de ocean-going, ISBN&#;
  • Trudel, Marcel (). The Fundamentals of New France, –. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ASIN&#;BRQPTDK.

External links