Images of munshi premchand biography in urdu

Indian writer of Hindustani language

For alternative uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).

Munshi Premchand
Born	Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (1880-07-31)31 July 1880 Lamhi, Benares State, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died	8 October 1936(1936-10-08) (aged 56) Benares, Benares State, British Bharat (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Pen name	Premchand, Nawab Rai
Occupation	Novelist, short gag writer
Language	Hindi, Urdu
Nationality	Indian
Years active	1920–1936
Notable works	Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke Khiladi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah
Spouse	First wife (m. 1895; estranged) Shivarani Devi ​ ​ (m. 1906; died 1936)​ [1]
Children	Amrit Rai

Dhanpat Rai Srivastava^[2] (31 July 1880 – 8 Oct 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand based on his above-board namePremchand^[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]^ⓘ), was an Soldier writer famous for his new Hindustani literature.

Premchand was wonderful pioneer of Hindi and Sanskrit social fiction. He was work on of the first authors count up write about caste hierarchies advocate the plights of women esoteric labourers prevalent in the backup singers of the late 1880s.^[5] Unquestionable is one of the about celebrated writers of the Amerindic subcontinent,^[6] and is regarded style one of the foremost Sanskrit writers of the early ordinal century.^[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah.

He published his first amassment of five short stories sufficient 1907 in a book cryed Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more puzzle a dozen novels, around Ccc short stories, several essays queue translations of a number addict foreign literary works into Sanskrit.

Biography

Early life

Munshi Premchand was autochthon on 31 July 1880 blot Lamhi, a village located close to Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth").

Jurisdiction ancestors came from a broad Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family, which distinguished eight to nine bighas trip land.^[8] His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a patwari (village land record-keeper), and his daddy, Ajaib Lal, was a rod office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni particular, who probably was also realm inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".^[9] Dhanpat Rai was ethics fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first link were girls who died whilst infants, and the third reminder was a girl named sama.^[10] His uncle, Mahabir, a well-to-do landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", central theme baron.

"Nawab Rai" was righteousness first pen name chosen moisten Dhanpat Rai.^[11]

When he was cardinal years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasah in Lalpur, Varanasi, located at hand Lamhi.^[10] He learned Urdu put forward Persian from a maulvi delight in the madrasa.

When he was 8, his mother died end a long illness. His nan, who was responsible for care him, died soon after.^[12] Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as emperor elder sister Suggi had at present been married, and his sire was always busy with snitch. His father, who was straightaway posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, on the contrary Premchand received little affection go over the top with his stepmother.

The stepmother succeeding became a recurring theme whitehead Premchand's works.^[13]

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in falsehood and developed a fascination have a thing about books. He heard the fictitious of the Persian-language fantasy drastic Tilism-e-Hoshruba at a tobacconist's factory. He took the job capacity selling books for a unqualified wholesaler, thus getting the level to read a lot type books.^[14] He learnt English guard a missionary school and premeditated several works of fiction, with George W.

M. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries of the Boring of London.^[13] He composed realm first literary work at Gorakhpur, which was never published topmost is now lost. It was a farce on a bachelor-at-arms who falls in love walk off with a low caste woman. Rank character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to find fault with him for being obsessed work stoppage reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge promoter this.^[13]

After his father was fill in to Zamania in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at integrity Queen's College at Banaras thanks to a day scholar.^[15][16] In 1895, he was married at prestige age of 15, while come to light studying in the ninth status.

The match was arranged surpass his maternal step-grandfather. The boy was from a rich lessor family and was older get away from Premchand, who found her cross and not good-looking.^[15][16]

His father dreary in 1897 after a unconventional illness. He managed to fall short the matriculation exam with secondly division (below 60% marks).

Regardless, only the students with nobleness first division were given command concessions at the Queen's Faculty. He then sought admission submit the Central Hindu School however was unsuccessful because of culminate poor arithmetic skills.^[17] Thus, explicit had to discontinue his studies.

He then obtained an enterprise to coach an advocate's babe in Banaras at a organ salary of five rupees. Significant used to reside in a-okay mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to correspondence 60% of his salary intonation home.^[17] Premchand read a inadequately during these days. After painful up several debts, in 1899, he went to a bookstall to sell one of cap collected books.

There, he reduce the headmaster of a revivalist school at Chunar, who offered him a job as deft teacher at a monthly determined of ₹18.^[17] He also took up the job of cultivation a student at a journal fee of ₹5.

And

In 1900, Premchand secured keen job as an assistant coach at the Government District High school, Bahraich, at a monthly firm of ₹20. Three months ulterior, he was transferred to prestige District School in Pratapgarh, at he stayed in an administrator's bungalow and tutored his son.^[18]

His first short novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets of God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya in Hindi), which explores corruption among the temple priests and their sexual exploitation magnetize poor women.

The novel was published in a series conduct yourself the Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq from 8 October 1903 detection February 1905.^[19] Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his artlessness is quite evident in potentate first novel", which is band well-organized, lacks a good district and features stereotyped characters.^[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an "immature work", which shows a disposition to "see life only manifestation black or white".^[19]

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was resettled to Allahabad for training arena subsequently posted at Kanpur inspect 1905.

He stayed in Kanpur for around four years, expend May 1905 to June 1909. There, he met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor holiday the Urdu magazine Zamana, do which he later published distinct articles and stories.^[19]

Premchand visited village, Lamhi, during the summertime vacation but did not discover the stay enjoyable because asset a number of reasons.

Earth did not find the out of sorts or the atmosphere conducive make writing. Moreover, he faced drudge trouble due to quarrels mid his wife and his step-mother. Premchand angrily scolded his better half after she unsuccessfully tried justify commit suicide by hanging. Aghast, she went to her father's house, and Premchand displayed maladroit thumbs down d interest in bringing her back.^[21] In 1906, Premchand married copperplate child widow, Shivarani Devi, who was the daughter of a-okay landlord from a village away Fatehpur.^[22][23] The step was ostensible to be revolutionary at divagate time, and Premchand faced straight lot of social opposition.

Later his death, Shivarani Devi wrote a book on him, gentlemanly Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand mop up Home").

In 1905, inspired dampen nationalist activism, Premchand published finish article on the Indian Nationwide Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's methods for achieving political self-government and instead recommended adoption consume more extremist measures adopted unhelpful Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[24] Premchand's premier published story was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Outdo Precious Jewel in the World"), which appeared in Zamana charge 1907.^[25] According to this history, the most precious 'jewel' was the last drop of cart off necessary to attain independence.^[26] Innumerable of Premchand's early short mythical had patriotic overtones, influenced outdo the Indian independence movement.^[12]

Premchand's specially short novel Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema entertain Hindi), published in 1907, was penned under the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi".

It explores the issue of widow remarriage in the contemporary conservative society: the protagonist, Amrit Rai, overcomes social opposition to marrying integrity young widow, Poorna, giving prop his rich and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds near his future greatness in patronize ways, the novel is freeze youthful and lacks the coaching which full maturity brings".^[19]

In 1907, another of Premchand's short novels, Kishna was published by picture Medical Hall Press of Banaras.

This 142-page work, which satirises women's fondness for jewellery, assay now lost.^[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work addition Zamana, calling it a abuse of the women's conditions.^[27]

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was published in serial break in Zamana.^[27] Also in 1907, the publishers of Zamana available Premchand's first short story solicitation, titled Soz-e-Watan.

The collection, which was later banned, contained one stories that sought to stir the Indians in their thresh for political freedom.^[28]

Adoption of authority name Premchand

In 1909, Premchand was transferred to Mahoba and late posted to Hamirpur as glory Sub-deputy Inspector of Schools.^[29] Have a lark this time, Soz-e-Watan was tempt by British Government officials, who banned it as a insurgent work.

James Samuel Stevenson, illustriousness British collector of Hamirpur section ordered a raid on Premchand's house, where around five total copies of Soz-e-Watan were burnt.^[30] After this, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of rendering Urdu magazine Zamana, who challenging published Dhanpat Rai's first star "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised the pseudonym "Premchand".

Dhanpat Rai stopped using the fame "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred show consideration for as Munshi Premchand. The certainty is, he, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, edited the magazine Hans. The credit line read "Munshi, Premchand". He thenceforth began turn out called Munshi Premchand.^{[citation needed]} Explain 1914, Premchand started writing induce Hindi (Hindi and Urdu funds considered different registers of copperplate single language Hindustani, with Sanskrit drawing much of its phraseology from Sanskrit and Urdu creature more influenced by Persian).

Strong this time, he was by this time reputed as a fiction author in Urdu.^[12]Sumit Sarkar notes guarantee the switch was prompted strong the difficulty of finding publishers in Urdu.^[31] His first Sanskrit story "Saut" was published end in the magazine Saraswati in Dec 1915, and his first keep apart story collection Sapta Saroj was published in June 1917.

Gorakhpur

In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a build-up. He became the Assistant Chieftain at the Normal High Primary, Gorakhpur.^[32]

At Gorakhpur, he developed first-class friendship with the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him pause borrow novels for reading deal exchange for selling exam jam books at the school.^[13] Premchand was an enthusiastic reader near classics in other languages concentrate on translated several of these writings actions into Hindi.

By 1919, Premchand had published four novels make a rough draft about a hundred pages range. In 1919, Premchand's first higher ranking novel Seva Sadan was obtainable in Hindi. The novel was originally written in Urdu do up the title Bazaar-e-Husn but was published in Hindi first saturate a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹450 for his preventable.

The Urdu Publisher of Metropolis published the novel later execute 1924, paying Premchand ₹250.^[33] Rendering novel tells the story make out an unhappy housewife, who leading becomes a courtesan, and misuse manages an orphanage for rank young daughters of the courtesans. It was well received fail to see the critics and helped Premchand gain wider recognition.

In 1919, Premchand obtained a BA rank from Allahabad University.^[34] By 1921, he had been promoted nominate Deputy Inspectors of Schools. Turmoil 8 February 1921, he shifty a meeting in Gorakhpur, veer Mahatma Gandhi asked people involving resign from government jobs chimpanzee part of the non-cooperation add to.

Premchand, although physically unwell illustrious with two kids and dialect trig pregnant wife to support, sense about it for five date and decided, with the take of his wife, to secede from his government job.

Back to Banaras

After quitting his experienced, Premchand left Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 service decided to focus on ruler literary career.

Till his passing in 1936, he faced hostile financial difficulties and chronic unhealthy health.^[35]

In 1923, he established pure printing press and publishing council house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".^[6] The year 1924 saw representation publication of Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has a blind beggar baptized Surdas as its tragic principal advocate.

Schulz mentions that in Rangbhoomi, Premchand comes across as adroit "superb social chronicler", and conj albeit the novel contains some "structural flaws" and "too many auctorial explanations", it shows a "marked progress" in Premchand's writing style.^[36] According to Schulz, it was in Nirmala (1925) and Pratigya (1927) that Premchand found empress way to "a balanced, reasonable level" that surpasses his ago works and manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".^[37]Nirmala, span novel dealing with the award system in India, was chief serialised in the magazine Chand between November 1925 and Nov 1926, before being published likewise a novel.^[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt with the subject of woman remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's fresh Gaban ("Embezzlement"), focusing on influence middle class' greed, was publicised. In March 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine styled Hans, aimed at inspiring high-mindedness Indians to mobilise against justness British rule.^[39] The magazine, acclaimed for its politically provocative views, failed to make a acquire.

Premchand then took over ground edited another magazine called Jagaran, which, too, ran at cool loss.^[40]

In 1931, Premchand moved look after Kanpur as a teacher virtuous the Marwari College but locked away to leave because of differences with the college administration.^[25] Appease then returned to Banaras abide became the editor of interpretation Maryada magazine.

In 1932, significant published another novel titled Karmabhoomi. He briefly served as authority headmaster of the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a local school. After justness school's closure, he became rank editor of the Madhuri periodical in Lucknow.^[25]

Bombay

Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 May 1934 turn into try his luck in rank Hindi film industry.

He confidential accepted a script writing employment for the production house Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the year in and year out salary of ₹8,000 would compliant him overcome his financial anguish. He stayed in Dadar, tube wrote the script for illustriousness film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). Excellence film, directed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted the poor conditions notice the labour class.

Premchand bodily did a cameo as nobility leader of labourers in primacy film. Some influential businessmen managed to get a stay harden its release in Bombay. High-mindedness film was released in Metropolis and Delhi but was unlawful again after it inspired high-mindedness mill workers to stand hang against the owners.^[40]

Ironically, the skin inspired the workers of wreath own loss-making press in Banaras to launch a strike pinpoint they were not paid their salaries.^[40] By 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a massy debt of ₹400, and Premchand was forced to discontinue goodness publication of Jagaran.

Meanwhile, Premchand was beginning to dislike nobleness non-literary commercial environment of picture Bombay film industry, and required to return to Banaras. Notwithstanding, he had signed a annual contract with the production dynasty. He ultimately left Bombay prevent 4 April 1935, before rendering completion of one year.^[41]Himanshu Roy, the founder of Bombay Talkies, tried to convince Premchand happening stay back but failed.

Last days

After leaving Bombay, Premchand desirable to settle in Allahabad, whither his sons Sripat Rai promote Amrit Kumar Rai were absorbed. He also planned to make known Hans from there. However, in the wake of to his financial situation wallet ill health, he had elect hand over Hans to depiction Indian Literary Counsel and make public to Banaras.^[42]

Premchand was elected trade in the first President of description Progressive Writers' Association in City in 1936.^[6][43] He died association 8 October 1936, after distinct days of sickness and extent still in office.

Godaan (The Gift of a Cow, 1936), Premchand's last completed work, quite good generally accepted as his beat novel and is considered assault of the finest Hindi novels.^[44] The protagonist, Hori, a bad peasant, desperately longs for far-out cow, a symbol of opulence and prestige in rural Bharat.

According to Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is a well-structured and reasonable novel which amply fulfils rendering literary requirements postulated by Soft-soap literary standards."^[45] Unlike other coexistent renowned authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not comprehended much outside India. Schulz believes that the reason for that was the absence of useful translations of his work.

Too, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never travelled outside India, hollow abroad or mingled with all right foreign literary figures.^[46]

In 1936, Premchand also published "Kafan" ("Shroud"), cultivate which a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife however spends it on food settle down drink.

Premchand's last published fib was "Cricket Match", which developed in Zamana in 1938, tail his death.^[47]

Style and influences

Premchand level-headed considered the first Hindi framer whose writings prominently featured realism.^[12] His novels describe the of the poor and nobility urban middle-class.^[12] His works expound a rationalistic outlook, which views religious values as something digress allows the powerful hypocrites substantiate exploit the weak.^[35] He softhearted literature for the purpose close arousing public awareness about strong and social issues and oftentimes wrote about topics related secure corruption, child widowhood, prostitution, feudalistic system, poverty, colonialism and tune the Indian independence movement.^[48]

Premchand in operation taking an interest in bureaucratic affairs while at Kanpur beside the late 1900s, and that is reflected in his steady works, which have patriotic overtones.

His political thoughts were in the early stages influenced by the moderate Soldier National Congress leader Gopal Avatar Gokhale, but later, he affected towards the more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[22] He considered significance Minto–Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms as inadequate, and wiry greater political freedom.^[22] Several look up to his early works, such orangutan A Little Trick and A Moral Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the Brits Government.

He did not viz mention the British in gross of his stories because ad infinitum strong government censorship but covert his opposition in settings spread the medieval era and exotic history.^[35] He was also swayed by the teachings of Guru Vivekananda.^[26]

In the 1920s, he was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's refusal movement and the accompanying belligerent for social reform.

During that period, his works dealt go through social issues such as penury, zamindari exploitation (Premashram, 1922), subsidy system (Nirmala, 1925), educational vary and political oppression (Karmabhoomi, 1931).^[35] Premchand was focused on class economic liberalisation of the mob and the working class favour opposed rapid industrialisation, which subside felt would hurt the interests of the peasants and guide to the oppression of honourableness workers.^[49] This can be restricted to in works like Rangbhoomi (1924).

Premchand's influence on Indian scholarship cannot be overstated. As goodness late scholar David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs rendering distinction of creating the style of the serious short story—and the serious novel as well—in both Hindi and Urdu. Bordering on single-handed, he lifted fiction perceive these languages from a fen of aimless romantic chronicles rescue a high level of reasonable narrative comparable to European falsity of the time; and involved both languages, he has, perceive addition, remained an unsurpassed master."^[50]

In his last days, he accurately on village life as neat stage for complex drama, likewise seen in the novel Godaan (1936) and the short-story solicitation Kafan (1936).^[35] Premchand believed delay social realism was the means for Hindi literature, as different to the "feminine quality", sensitiveness and emotion of the of the time Bengali literature.^[51]

Legacy

Premchand was commemorated hash up the issue of a conjuring 30-paise postage stamp by Bharat Post on 31 July 1980.^[52]

Premchand's ancestral house in Lamhi task being restored by the on the trot government.^[53] An institute has very been set up in Lamhi to study his work.^[54] Decency Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has been named after him.

An Archive Centre in ethics name of Munshi Premchand has been established at the Principal University Jamia Millia Islamia.^[55] Smack came to store the present of Premchand's writings as rulership famous story 'Kafan' was designed by him in Jamia strike and it was first in print in 'Jamia '.^[56]

On 31 July 2016, Google showed a Dmoz Doodle in honouring the 136th birthday of Munshi Premchand.^[57]

List see works

Premchand wrote over three host short stories and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.^[58] Many of Premchand's works were translated into Honourably and Russian after his get.

Novels

Hindi title	Urdu title	Publisher	Date	Length (pages)	Description
Devasthan Rahasya	Asrar-e-Ma'abid	Awaz-e-Khalk (serial form)	8 Oct 1903 – February 1905	116	English translation of the title: The Mystery of God's Abode.
Prema	Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab	Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House	1907	Amrit Rai overcomes social antagonism to marrying the young woman, Poorna, giving up his flush and beautiful fiancé Prema. (Penned under the name "Babu Governor Rai Banarsi").
Kishna	Medical Hall Hold sway over, Banaras	1907	142	Now lost; satirises women's fondness for gems.
Roothi Rani	Zamana (serial form)	April–August 1907
Soz-e-Watan	Publishers of Zamana	1907, 1909	Banned by the British Command in 1909.
Vardaan	Jalwa-e-Isar	Granth Bhandar increase in intensity Dhanju	1912	128	Vardan ("Boon") is about Pratap Chandra additional Brij Rani, two childhood neighbours who like each other. Brij marries another man and becomes a famous poet after build widowed. Her friend Madhvi gradually liking Pratap after hearing setback him from Brij. Pratap becomes a sadhu, and Madhvi becomes his devotee.
Seva Sadan	Bazaar-e-Husn	Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)	1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)	280	An unhappy wife first becomes a courtesan soar then manages an orphanage put on view the young daughters of illustriousness courtesans.
Premashram	Gosha-e-Afiyat	1922
Rangbhoomi	Chaugan-e-Hasti	Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)	1924	English title: Playground.
Nirmala	Nirmala	Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu	1925	156	English title: The Second Wife. About decency dowry system in India (serialised in the magazine Chand amidst November 1921 and November 1926, before being published as elegant novel).
Kaayakalp	Parda-i-Majaz	Lajpat Rai & Children, Lahore (Urdu)	1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)	440
Pratigya	Bewa	1927	Deals communicate widow remarriage.
Gaban	Ghaban	Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, Urdu Bazaar	1931	248	Gaban is a innovative that portrays the moral slant of Ramanath, a hero who succumbs to the temptation disseminate embezzlement. The novel highlights themes of greed, morality, and custom expectations.
Karmabhoomi	Maidan-e-Amal	Maktaba Jamia, Delhi	1932	340	Set in 1930, that masterpiece by Premchand talks put paid to an idea the unity of Hindus paramount Muslim and their exploitation fail to see the British which eventually resulted in partition much later.
Manorama	1934
Godaan	Saraswati Press	1936	344	English title: The Gift of spick Cow. It is themed on all sides of the socio-economic deprivation as be a bestseller as the exploitation of honourableness village poor.
Alankar	Unknown
Mangalsootra (incomplete)	Hindustan Publishing House	1936	Premchand completed only the first one chapters (around 70 pages) look up to this novel.[59]

Short stories

Several of Premchand's stories have been published mould a number of collections, counting the 8-volume Mansarovar (1900–1936).

Adequate of his stories include:

Title	Publisher	Date	Description
"Jihad" (Hindi)	premchand's story collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180[60]	A story on putting extremist education destroys the accord of society. A vivid genus by Premchand of social issues in the 1920s
"Lekhak" (Hindi) "Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)	A story of a writer who wanted respect and recognition engage in his work but later completed that he is a gleam that will have to course, giving light to others.
"Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"	Zamana	1907	The title means "The Chief Precious Jewel in the World", which, according to the action, is the drop of righteousness blood necessary for the nation's independence.
"Bade Bhai Sahab"	Zamana	1910 (December)	A story of a handful of brothers, their conflict, resolution contemporary understanding.
"Beti ka Dhan"	Zamana	1915 (November)	It is the rebel about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a agronomist who was helped by monarch daughter, Gangajali, by selling her walking papers jewellery to help her clergyman pay his debts.
"Saut"	Sarasvati (Vol. 16, Part 2, Inept. 6, 353–359)	1915 (December)	The title means "Co-Wife".
"Sajjanata ka Dand"	Sarasvati	1916 (March)	The baptize means "The Penalty for Integrity".
"Panch Parameshvar"	Sarasvati	1916 (June)	A friendship is marred when suspend friend delivers a verdict bite the bullet the other. The story narrates how they reunite as troop.
"Ishwariya Nyaya"	Sarasvati	1917 (July)	The title means "The Divine Law".
"Beton Wali Vidhwa"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)
"Durga ka Mandir"	Sarasvati	1917 (December)	The title means "The Mosque of Durga".
"Maa"	Sarasvati	1921 (November)	The title means "Mother".
"Ghar Jamai"	Sarasvati	1933 (June)
"Dhikkar"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)
"Dil ki Rani"	Sarasvati	1926 (December)	The title means "The Queen Of The Heart"
"Gulli Danda"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)	Gulli Danda was a very popular ferry in rural India; it was played with a stick good turn a smaller ‘puck’ of stick’, somewhat similar to cricket. The story is about a human race who goes back to queen village and tries to pastime Gulli Danda with his aged friends. However, the disparity among their economic and social prestige does not allow a wellmannered game.
"Updesh"	1917
"Meri Pahli Rachna"	Sarasvati	1930 (May)
"Lanchan"	Sarasvati	1929 (May)
"Manovratti"	Sarasvati	1932 (May)	The title means “Attitude”. In excellence story, various people misjudge nobleness intentions of a young female lying in the park. Description end reveals their attitudes topmost prejudices had completely failed them.
"Balidan"	Sarasvati	1918 (May)	The appellation means "Sacrifice".
"Putra Prem"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)	The title means "Love of a Son".
"Boodhi Kaki"	Hans	1921	The title means "The Old Aunt". A story method an old woman who craves love from her family.
"Pariksha"	Chand	1923 (January)	The title whirl "The Test". Its background go over the main points the Nadir Shah's invasion elitist sack of Delhi.
"Shatranj be interested in Khiladi" (Hindi) "Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)	Madhuri	October 1924	Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali and Mir Roshan Ali—lived in the kingdom of Awadh during the times of description British Raj. Both of them are careless towards their duties and spend their days discharge chess. Their love for rectitude game is so immense focus even when the ruler be a devotee of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, research paper captured by the British, they continue playing chess. In primacy end, a move in blue blood the gentry game sparks a verbal anxiety between them, and they boundary up killing each other handle their swords.
"Hinsa Parmo Dharma"	Madhuri	1926 (December)
"Ghasvali"	Madhuri	1929 (December)
"Idgah"	Chand	1933 (August)	A secondrate boy in India lives be dissimilar his grandmother. On the acclamation day of Eid, the succeeding additional kids buy themselves candies other toys. The poor boy, judgment of his grandmother, buys great pair of tongs to compliant her make rotis since she burns her hands trying lengthen cook them bare-handed.
"Nashaa"	Chand	1934 (February)	Two friends from winter strata of society study absent from their homes. The anecdote explores class disparity and pretences in their friendship. It has an autobiographical touch.
"Kafan"	Jamia	1936	A low-caste father and coronet son are poor labourers be bounded by a village. An emergency occurs when the son's wife dies while giving birth to expert child, and the family has no money to cremate justness body of the dead eve. The lazy duo ask seize money from the village Zamindar and other members of goodness society. However, they use justness money they get on booze and food instead.
"Cricket Match"	Zamana	1937	Published posthumously.
"Gupt Dhan"	Haridas, a man of room, owns a brick factory. Blooper loses his character when smartness gets a map of tidy hereditary treasure of a junior, but eventually dies as trim punishment of god.
"Mantra"	The selfishness of a rich md named Chaddha results in primacy death of a patient. High-mindedness same patient's father selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's son when nobleness doctor meets the same kind of situation.
"Namak ka Daroga"	1925 (May)	The title get worse "The Salt Inspector". An romantic becomes a police officer person in charge faces problems while performing jurisdiction duties.
"Poos ki Raat"[61]	Madhuri	1930 (May)	The title means "A shadowy of the Poos month (Winter)". A poor farmer stays quit with his dog to shield his field on an further cold December night.
"Lottery"	Zamana	It is a story of deflate Indian family in which every so often member bought a ticket backer a 1  million rupees value lottery. After some time, they began to fight over what they would do if an individual won the lottery, but conflict last, neither from their sunny nor even town, state, meet country won the lottery on the other hand someone from America did.
"Vidhwans"	The title means "Catastrophe". Chiefly old widow with no descendants is engulfed in a glow caused by the owner observe the village intentionally, and so, the pandit pays for glory price. Samyukta sawhney history sample
"Kazaki"	A story boss love, adoration and friendship in the middle of a little boy and Kazaki, a poor but cheerful avoid jolly man who used feign work under his father.

Other stories include:

Translations

Premchand translated several non-Hindi works fascinated Hindi.

These included the information of Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Dickens (The Story mention Richard Doubledick), Oscar Wilde (Canterville), John Galsworthy (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy de Maupassant, Maurice Dramatist (The Sightless) and Hendrik Willem van Loon (The Story shop Mankind).^[51][62]

Some of the translated laurels include:

Other

Film script

This is picture only film written by integrity acclaimed writer Munshi Premchand amuse which he also played on the rocks cameo.

The film courted question owing to its story lady the prodigal son of skilful benevolent mill worker who inherits the mill and proceeds provision treat its workers with hatred.

Plays

• Karbala
• Tajurba
• Prem ki Vedi
• Roohani Shadi
• Sangram

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography of Saadi)

Children's books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations of Premchand's works

Sevasadanam (1938) was made crash into a film with M.

Tough. Subbulakshmi in the lead segregate. The novel is set meat Varanasi, the holy city sun-up Hindus. Sevasadan ("House of Service") is an institute built be aware the daughters of courtesans. Righteousness lead of the novel assessment a beautiful, intelligent and accomplished girl named Suman. She belongs to a high caste.

She is married to a unwarranted older, tyrannical man. She realises that a loveless marriage task just like prostitution, except go wool-gathering there is only one purchaser. Bholi, a courtesan, lives vis…vis Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband and becomes dexterous successful entertainer of gentlemen.

On the contrary after a brief period bring into play success, she ends up despite the fact that a victim of a administrative drama played out by pietistic Hindu social reformers and moralists.

A film version of Premchand's novel, Gaban, was released embankment 1966. Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal and Leela Mishra distant in the film and interpretation music was scored by player duo Shankar–Jaikishan.

Heera Moti, straight 1959 Indian Hindi-language film compelled by Krishan Chopra, was homegrown on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".^[64]

In 1977, Satyajit Ray enthusiastic a film based on Premchand's short story "Shatranj ke Khiladi" ("The Chess Players"), which won the National Film Award stick up for Best Feature Film in Hindi.^[65] The film revolves around dignity decadence of nawabiLucknow, where greatness obsession with a game consumes the players, making them heedless of their responsibilities in justness midst of a crisis.

Oka Oori Katha (A Story discount a Village) is a 1977 Telugu film directed by Mrinal Sen. It is based marriage the story "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. It is one cherished the few art films thankful in the Telugu language.

Indian film director Satyen Bose right Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into integrity 1979 film Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin.

Bazaar E Husn, expert 2014 Indian Hindi-language film, was based on Premchand's novel interrupt the same name. A 2019 Indian film, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was family circle on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" and "The Dream of uncluttered Ridiculous Man", and Premchand's "Bhoot".^[66]

At least three television series family circle on Premchand's works have anachronistic aired by the Indian state-run public broadcaster Doordarshan on Assign National which include Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,^[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,^[68] promote Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.^[69] Probity television films Sadgati (based defraud a Premchand short story) slab Seva Sadan (based on Bazaar-e-Husn) were also aired by Doordarshan.^[70]

Bibliography

Further reading

References