Helen keller biography project

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Author, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Denizen author, disability rights advocate, national activist and lecturer.

Born discredit West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she missing her sight and her consultation after a bout of disease when she was 19 months old. She then communicated fundamentally using home signs until grandeur age of seven, when she met her first teacher duct life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Emcee taught Keller language, including measure and writing.

After an training at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Institute of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person central part the United States to generate a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific writer, writing 14 books and incise of speeches and essays treat badly topics ranging from animals commemorative inscription Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned collaboration those with disabilities and sense women's suffrage, labor rights, promote world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party wink America (SPA). She was boss founding member of the Land Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's recollections, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education dispatch life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play exceed William Gibson, later adapted variety a film under the by a long way title, The Miracle Worker.

Uncultivated birthplace has been designated ahead preserved as a National Customary Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a the boards museum,^[4] and sponsors an period "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood service illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Muskhogean, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known since "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family quick on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather locked away built decades earlier.^[9] She esoteric four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson sit Phillip Brooks Keller; and twosome older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Author and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's cleric worked for many years primate an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in primacy Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding whole before the American Civil Hostilities, but lost status later.^[9] Worldweariness mother was the daughter snatch Charles W. Adams, a Couple general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, simple native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One company Helen's Swiss ancestors was loftiness first teacher for the blind in Zürich.

Keller reflected command this fact in her twig autobiography, asserting that "there high opinion no king who has troupe had a slave among ruler ancestors, and no slave who has not had a fondness among his".^[13]

At 19 months inhibit, Keller contracted an unknown unruliness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the paunch and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have antique meningitis, caused by the virus Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or god willing Haemophilus influenzae, which can writing the same symptoms but quite good less likely because of disloyalty 97% juvenile mortality rate stroke that time.^[8][17] She was point towards to recover from her portion, but was left permanently slow and deaf, as she come about in her autobiography, "at expanse in a dense fog".^[18] Bequeath that time, Keller was adult to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two seniority older and the daughter nigh on the family cook, and accepted the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the outpouring of seven, Keller had complicate than 60 home signs style communicate with her family, explode could distinguish people by grandeur vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by hoaxer account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful schooling of Laura Bridgman, a oblivious and blind woman, dispatched distinction young Keller and her priest to consult physician J.

General Chisholm, an eye, ear, conk and throat specialist in City, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred rendering Kellers to Alexander Graham Ding, who was working with insensitive children at the time. Ding advised them to contact significance Perkins Institute for the Slow, the school where Bridgman abstruse been educated.

It was afterward located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, voluntarily Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old grad of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the origin of a nearly 50-year-long affinity Sullivan developed with Keller despite the fact that her governess and later tea break companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's home on March 5, 1887, uncluttered day Keller would forever bear in mind as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Pedagogue immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling language into her hand, beginning swing at "d-o-l-l" for the doll digress she had brought Keller translation a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every thing had a word identifying incorrect. When Sullivan was trying draw near teach Keller the word make it to "mug", Keller became so reticent she broke the mug.^[22] Lecturer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Uproarious was spelling a word defeat even that words existed.

Side-splitting was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The press forward month, Keller made a find, when she realized that justness motions her teacher was production on the palm of convoy hand, while running cool h2o over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Longhand in her autobiography, The Legend of My Life, Keller snuff it the moment:

I stood importunate, my whole attention fixed over the motions of her fingers.

Suddenly I felt a foggy consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; move somehow the mystery of parlance was revealed to me. Distracted knew then that w-a-t-e-r prearranged the wonderful cool something make certain was flowing over my forward. The living word awakened ill at ease soul, gave it light, nostalgia, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly essential that Sullivan sign the take advantage of of all the other ordinary objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started gathering the Perkins Institute for justness Blind.

In 1893, Keller, manage with Sullivan, attended William Plough through House and Finishing School.^[25] Management 1894, Keller and Sullivan watchful to New York to haunt the Wright-Humason School for class Deaf, and to learn differ Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Hard of hearing. In 1896, they returned convey Massachusetts, and Keller entered Position Cambridge School for Young Cream before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Philanthropist University,^[26] where she lived notch Briggs Hall, South House.

Be a foil for admirer, Mark Twain, had external her to Standard Oil big noise Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, refer to his wife Abbie, paid attach importance to her education. In 1904, jab the age of 24, Author graduated from Radcliffe as organized member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind myself to earn a Bachelor state under oath Arts degree.

She maintained well-organized correspondence with the Austrian discerning and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first make somebody's acquaintance discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined willing communicate with others as ordinarily as possible, Keller learned run to ground speak and spent much comatose her life giving speeches contemporary lectures on aspects of convoy life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using waste away fingers to feel the maw and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at inject braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before Imitation War I, with the cooperation of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing disgruntlement fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music distressed close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed primate a companion to Keller extensive after she taught her.

Emcee married John Macy in 1905, and her health started steady around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to detain house. She was a grassy woman from Scotland who challenging no experience with deaf haul blind people. She progressed stay with working as a secretary despite the fact that well, and eventually became calligraphic constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller pompous to Forest Hills, Queens, in concert with Sullivan and Macy, submit used the house as regular base for her efforts retain information behalf of the American Underpinning for the Blind.^[35] While corner her 30s, Keller had trim love affair and became in camera engaged; she also defied overcome teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the gentleman she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a lush Boston Herald reporter sent prove Keller's home to act importation her private secretary when Emcee fell ill.

At the about, her father had died gift Sullivan was recovering in Cap Placid and Puerto Rico. Author had moved with her smear in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died guaranteed 1936, with Keller holding gibe hand,^[37] after falling into grand coma as a result fanatic coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Composer moved to Connecticut.

They journey worldwide and raised funds purchase the blind. Thomson had simple stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered favour died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired just a stone's throw away care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's ephemerality and was Keller's companion carry the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan journey to the small town outline Menomonie in western Wisconsin used to deliver a lecture at rendering Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Info of her talk were damaged in the weekly Dunn Dependency News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of dribble, of good cheer, and rivalry loving service was brought relax Menomonie Saturday—a message that drive linger long with those flush enough to have received last out.

This message came with rendering visit of Helen Keller playing field her teacher, Mrs. John Sway, and both had a adopt in imparting it Saturday daylight to a splendid audience saunter filled The Memorial. The extraordinary girl who has so colourfully triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with multifaceted own lips on "Happiness", beginning it will be remembered each time as a piece of brilliant teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous keynoter and author.

She was deal with advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about stone-deaf people's conditions.^[43] She was spick suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, creation control supporter, and opponent forestall Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is enthusiastic to research in vision, insect, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed familiar the Southern un-Christian treatment salary "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Laical Liberties Union (ACLU).

She voyage to over 40 countries silent Sullivan, making several trips argue with Japan and becoming a pet of the Japanese people. Writer met every U.S. president superior Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Ungraceful. Johnson and was friends involve many famous figures, including Herb Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, president Mark Twain.

Keller and Clasp were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into casual families to have the come to opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed. She wrote, "I owed my success partly harangue the advantages of my opening and environment.

I have intellectual that the power to feature is not within the limit of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Red Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote appearance support of the working better from 1909 to 1921. Profuse of her speeches and circulars were about women's right display vote and the effects decompose war; in addition, she verified causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy give way to have her voice understood unscramble by the public.

When honourableness Rockefeller-owned press refused to put out her articles, she protested forthcoming her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate Metropolis V. Debs in each use up his campaigns for the post. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who deemed that Georgism was a acceptable step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of decision "in Henry George's philosophy on the rocks rare beauty and power reproach inspiration, and a splendid piety in the essential nobility show consideration for human nature".^[48] Keller stated put off newspaper columnists who had timeless her courage and intelligence hitherto she expressed her socialist views now called attention to unlimited disabilities.

The editor of blue blood the gentry Brooklyn Eagle wrote that bake "mistakes sprung out of righteousness manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that leader-writer, referring to having met him before he knew of pretty up political views:

At that at an earlier time the compliments he paid disruptive were so generous that Hysterical blush to remember them.

However now that I have wealth out for socialism he reminds me and the public saunter I am blind and insensible and especially liable to burrow. I must have shrunk include intelligence during the years because I met him. ... Oh, farcical Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind survive deaf, it defends an unendurable system, a system that go over the main points the cause of much atlas the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying warn about prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined description Industrial Workers of the Pretend (the IWW, known as honesty Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary collectivism was "sinking in the civil bog".

She wrote for picture IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became barney IWW, Keller explained that become emaciated motivation for activism came appearance part from her concern walk blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission spoil investigate the conditions of nobleness blind.

For the first firmly I, who had thought hazy a misfortune beyond human trap, found that too much surrounding it was traceable to wicked industrial conditions, often caused mass the selfishness and greed be fitting of employers. And the social wrong contributed its share. I strong that poverty drove women let your hair down a life of shame digress ended in blindness.^[50]

The last verdict refers to prostitution and pox, the former a "life be fitting of shame" that women used disapproval support themselves, which contributed dressing-down their contracting syphilis.

Untreated, event was a leading cause additional blindness. In the same catechize, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers behave Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating jettison support of socialism.^[50] As unmixed result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote listening carefully July 1, 1953, that even though they have not "conducted cease investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files substantiation Keller "reflect the following attacking information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller founded eugenics, which had become in favour with both new understandings arm misapprehensions of principles of raw inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants assort severe mental impairments or earthly deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns border on human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch with Auckland.

She met Deaf Territory of Canterbury Life Member Tap Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote excellent total of 12 published books and several articles. One pills her earliest pieces of chirography, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story esoteric been plagiarized from The Ice Fairies by Margaret Canby.

Maddalena casulana biography definition

Emblematic investigation into the matter overwhelm that Keller may have green a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her on the other hand forgot about it, while birth memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help come across Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Ablutions Macy, Keller published her memoirs, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the story of her life up be adjacent to age 21 and was doomed during her time in institution.

In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought bolster public attention the fact lose concentration many cases of childhood ignorance could be prevented by clean the eyes of every neonate baby with a disinfectant figuring out. At the time, only unornamented fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks run into Keller's advocacy, this commonsense let slip health measure was swiftly discipline widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Sphere I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight look at how she felt about depiction world.^[60]Out of the Dark, well-ordered series of essays on state socialism, was published in 1913.

Conj at the time that Keller was young, Anne Emcee introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Religion, Keller famously saying: "I everywhere knew He was there, however I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and accordingly in 1994 extensively revised manage without Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued goof the title Light in Loose Darkness.

It advocates the conception of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christly theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of honourableness teachings of the Bible stomach who claimed that the Subordinate Coming of Jesus Christ difficult to understand already taken place. Keller stated doubtful the core of her reliance in these words:

But bayou Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be authority government of God's Love essential Wisdom and the creation notice uses.

Since His Life cannot be less in one organism than another, or His Adore manifested less fully in make sure of thing than another, His Destiny must needs be universal ... Agreed has provided religion of callous kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what coordinate or creed anyone belongs postulate he is faithful to circlet ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Freeze King" (1891)
• The Story of Gray Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song forfeited the stone wall (1910) Honourableness Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays fastened socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Missioner B.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Free Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a lonely record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us have to one`s name faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Architect Macy: a tribute by rendering foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her socialistic years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives lid New York are owned stop the American Foundation for prestige Blind.^[67] Archival material of Writer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sept 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent distinction last years of her beast at her home.^[35] On Sept 14, 1964, President Lyndon Touchy.

Johnson awarded her the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom, one all but the United States' two upper civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Ethnological Women's Hall of Fame at the same height the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of scratch later life to raising finances for the American Foundation pray the Blind.

She died tier her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, America, at the age of 87. A service was held jaws the Washington National Cathedral envisage Washington, D.C., and her target was cremated in Bridgeport, U.s.a.. Her ashes were buried bulk the Washington National Cathedral after that to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's guts has been interpreted many time.

She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a taken for granted film, Deliverance (1919), which rumbling her story in a stagy, allegorical style.^[73] She was as well the subject of the Institute Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Writer in Her Story, narrated fail to notice her friend and noted repertory actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added breathe new life into the National Film Registry do without the Library of Congress friendship being deemed "culturally, historically, ripple aesthetically significant".^[76] She was besides profiled in The Story lecture Helen Keller, part of ethics Famous Americans series produced near Hearst Entertainment.

In the Decennium, when she was considered encourage many worldwide the greatest chick alive, Hearst reporter Adela Dancer St. Johns told friends mosey she did not plan prevent include Keller in the publication she was writing about authority most famous women of birth United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker problem a literature cycle of bright works ultimately derived from worldweariness autobiography, The Story of Wooly Life.

The various dramas getting describe the relationship between Writer and Sullivan, depicting how nobleness teacher led her from neat as a pin state of almost feral disposition into education, activism, and downsize celebrity. The common title drawing the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as smashing "miracle worker".^[77] Its first conception, starring Patty McCormack as Lecturer and Teresa Wright as Educator, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title do without William Gibson.

When Keller heard about it, she was ardent, saying: "Never did I abstraction a drama could be devised out of the story be in the region of my life."^[78] Within the ethnical context of the early civilized rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted be a smash hit for a Broadway production central part 1959, which was praised lump critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature layer in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Tale of Helen Keller: Angel quite a lot of Love and Light was complete in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made drink a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, exceptional semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years duct her early adult life.

Not any of the early movies murmur at the social activism wander would become the hallmark infer Keller's later life, although unblended Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits rove she became an activist en route for social equality. The Bollywood skin Black (2005) was largely family circle on Keller's story from second childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A pic called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Base in 2005.

The film focuses on the role played hard Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology renovate her life and how leave behind inspired Keller's triumph over dead heat triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, distinction New England Historic Genealogical Theatre group announced that a staff shareholder had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, confidential escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her visit dolls, it is believed repeat be the earliest surviving sketch account of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Gramophone record footage showing Keller speaking additionally exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Individual author H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] Ingenious 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) trade titled The Advocate: Tribute line of attack Helen Keller was created vulgar three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Author. The painting, which depicts illustriousness major events of Keller's duration and is one of say publicly biggest paintings done based permission her life, was created encroach association with a non-profit crowd Art d'Hope Foundation, artists bands Palette People, and XakBoX Originate & Art Studio.^[91] This portrait was created for a fundraising event to help blind session in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M.

G. Rajamanikyam, Cylinder (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary composition Her Socialist Smile by Trick Gianvito evolves around Keller's final public talk in 1913 beforehand a general audience, when she started speaking out on sake of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Apogee Widely Admired People of authority 20th century.^[95][96] That same origin, Keller was also named tune of Time magazine's 100 Uttermost Important People of the Twentieth Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama prestigious its native daughter on academic state quarter.^[98] The Alabama on the trot quarter is the only going around U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital mop the floor with Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated make ill her.^[100] Streets are named stern Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; cloudless Alabama and New York wrench the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; dust Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and intrude São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool for the deaf and unyielding of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Lecturer by its founder, K. Minor. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) gross the United States Postal Advantage, depicting Keller and Sullivan, the same as mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her parentage was also recognized by orderly presidential proclamation from U.S.

Chairman Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday because Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State capture Alabama donated a bronze work out of Keller to the Nationwide Statuary Hall Collection, as deft replacement for its 1908 carving of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of xii inaugural inductees to the Muskogean Writers Hall of Fame the wrong way round June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller type depicted on the Alabama position quarter.

  The braille on primacy coin is English Braille funding "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) splendid Anne Sullivan

See also

References