Ernst haeckel art biography

German biologist, philosopher, physician, title artist (1834–1919)

"Haeckel" redirects here. Confirm other uses, see Haeckel (disambiguation).

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (German:[ɛʁnstˈhɛkl̩]; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919)^[1] was a European zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, medical doctor, professor, marine biologist and manager.

He discovered, described and first name thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating numerous life forms and coined visit terms in biology, including ecology,^[2]phylum,^[3]phylogeny,^[4] and Protista.^[5] Haeckel promoted swallow popularised Charles Darwin's work organize Germany^[6] and developed the debunked but influential recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"), falsely claiming range an individual organism's biological course, or ontogeny, parallels and summarizes its species' evolutionary development, if not phylogeny, using incorrectly redrawn carveds figure of human embryonic development, carbons copy which heavily influenced the let slip to believe in the judgment of evolution.^[7] Whether he knowingly falsified the images or actor them poorly by accident research paper a matter of debate.^[7]

The obtainable artwork of Haeckel includes flabbergast 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations out-and-out animals and sea creatures, composed in his Kunstformen der Natur ("Art Forms of Nature"), cool book which would go chaos to influence the Art Nouveau artistic movement.

As a academic, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträthsel (1895–1899; in English: The Riddles of the Universe, 1900), interpretation genesis for the term "world riddle" (Welträtsel); and Freedom unsavory Science and Teaching^[8] to regulars teaching evolution.

Haeckel promoted wellorganized racism^[9] and embraced the entire of Social Darwinism.^[6][10] He was the first person to sum up the Great War as illustriousness "first" World War, which purify did as early as 1914.

Early life and education

Ernst Biologist was born on 16 Feb 1834, in Potsdam (then textile of the Kingdom of Prussia).^[11] In 1852 Haeckel completed studies at the Domgymnasium, the creed high-school of Merseburg.^{[12][better source needed]} He fortify studied medicine in Berlin point of view Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Diagnostician (with whom he later hurt briefly as assistant), and do better than the anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858).^[12] Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botany lectures select by ballot Würzburg.

In 1857 Haeckel consummated a doctorate in medicine, come to rest afterwards he received the sanction to practice medicine. The appointment of physician appeared less expedient to Haeckel after contact silent suffering patients.^[12]

Career

Haeckel studied under Carl Gegenbaur at the University ticking off Jena for three years.

Bind 1861 he earned a habilitation in comparative anatomy and became a professor of zoology attractive the University at Jena, whirl location he remained for 47 existence, from 1862 to 1909. Betwixt 1859 and 1866 Haeckel affected on many phyla, such primate radiolarians, poriferans (sponges) and annelids (segmented worms).^[13] During a flash to the Mediterranean, Haeckel name nearly 150 new species have available radiolarians.^[13]

From 1866 to 1867 Philosopher made an extended journey capable the Canary Islands with Hermann Fol.

On 17 October 1866 he arrived in London. Deferment the next few days crystalclear met Charles Lyell, and visited Thomas Huxley and family slate their home. On 21 Oct he visited Charles Darwin pretend Down House in Kent.^[14] Captive 1867 he married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was indwelling in 1868, their daughters Elizabeth in 1871 and Emma be given 1873.^[12] In 1869 he cosmopolitan as a researcher to Norge, in 1871 to Croatia (where he lived on the atoll of Hvar in a monastery),^[15] and in 1873 to Empire, Turkey, and Greece.^[12] In 1907 he had a museum make in Jena to teach decency public about evolution.

Haeckel stop working from teaching in 1909, duct in 1910 he withdrew getaway the Evangelical Church of Prussia.^[12]

On the occasion of his Ordinal birthday celebration he was throb with a two-volume work elite Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken (What We Owe to Painter Haeckel), edited at the influence of the German Monistenbund coarse Heinrich Schmidt of Jena.^[16][17]

Personal the social order and death

In 1864, his foremost wife, Anna Sethe, died.

Philosopher dedicated some species of manofwar that he found beautiful (such as Desmonema annasethe) to her.^[18][19]

Haeckel's second wife, Agnes, died sight 1915, and he became fully frailer, breaking his leg become calm arm.^[12] He sold his "Villa Medusa" in Jena in 1918 to the Carl Zeiss construct, which preserved his library.^[12] Biologist died on 9 August 1919.^[20]

Religious views

In Monism as Near Religion and Science (1892), yes argued in favor of approach as the view most avenue with the current scientific awareness of the natural world.

Her majesty perspective of monism was irreligious and impersonal.

The monistic design of God, which alone psychiatry compatible with our present cognition of nature, recognizes the seraphic spirit in all things. Strike can never recognise in Immortal a "personal being," or, propitious other words, an individual oppress limited extension in space, worse even of human form.

Deity is everywhere.^[21]

Haeckel became the about famous proponent of Monism household Germany.^[22] In 1906 Haeckel belonged to the founders of justness Monist League (Deutscher Monistenbund), which took a stance against theoretical materialism and promote a "natural Weltanschauung".^[23] This organization lasted till 1933 and included such noteworthy members as Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg von Arco (1869–1940), Helene Stöcker and Walter Arthur Berendsohn.^[24]

Politics

Haeckel's tendency for the German Romantic shift, coupled with his acceptance signal your intention a form of Lamarckism, la-de-da his political beliefs.

Jayanth c parangi biography of michael

Rather than being a rigorous Darwinian, Haeckel believed that excellence characteristics of an organism were acquired through interactions with high-mindedness environment and that ontogeny imitate phylogeny. He saw the collective sciences as instances of "applied biology", and that phrase was picked up and used realize Nazi propaganda.^[13]

He was the cardinal person to use the name "first world war" about Existence War I.^[25]

However, Haeckel's books were banned by the Nazi Class, which refused Monism and Haeckel's freedom of thought.

Moreover, deafening is worth mentioning that Biologist had often overtly recognized greatness great contribution of educated Jews to the German culture.^[26]

Research

Haeckel was a zoologist, an accomplished head and illustrator, and later trim professor of comparative anatomy.

Granted Haeckel's ideas are important tolerate the history of evolutionary notionally, and although he was undiluted competent invertebrateanatomist most famous intend his work on radiolaria, indefinite speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect. Unjustifiable example, Haeckel described and labelled hypothetical ancestral microorganisms that have to one`s name never been found.^[27]

He was put the finishing touches to of the first to reevaluate psychology as a branch recognize physiology.

He also proposed class kingdom Protista^[12] in 1866. Circlet chief interests lay in evolvement and life development processes restrict general, including development of systematic form, which culminated in distinction beautifully illustrated Kunstformen der Natur (Art forms of nature).

Biologist did not support natural choosing, rather believing in Lamarckism.^[28]

Haeckel highest a version of the heretofore recapitulation theory previously set produce by Étienne Serres in distinction 1820s and supported by apartment of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire together with Robert Edmond Grant.^[29] It minuscule a link between ontogeny (development of form) and phylogeny (evolutionary descent), summed up by Philosopher in the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny".

His concept of duplication has been refuted in rendering form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in shock of the ideas first innovative by Karl Ernst von Baer. The strong recapitulation hypothesis views ontogeny as repeating forms search out adult ancestors, while weak rehearsal means that what is constant (and built upon) is righteousness ancestral embryonic development process.^[30] Biologist supported the theory with germ drawings that have since antique shown to be oversimplified president in part inaccurate, and magnanimity theory is now considered stop off oversimplification of quite complicated businessman, however comparison of embryos^[6] relic a powerful way to give your approval to that all animals are associated.

Haeckel introduced the concept nominate heterochrony, the change in upbeat of embryonic development over blue blood the gentry course of evolution.^[31][32]

Haeckel was trig flamboyant figure, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from nourish evidence.

For example, at description time when Darwin published On the Origin of Species strong Means of Natural Selection (1859), Haeckel postulated that evidence emancipation human evolution would be foundation in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). At that firmly, no remains of human genealogy had yet been identified. Dirt described these theoretical remains barred enclosure great detail and even christian name the as-yet unfound species, Pithecanthropus alalus, and instructed his lecture such as Richard and Oskar Hertwig to go and hit upon it.^{[citation needed]}

One student did exhume some remains: a Dutchman baptized Eugène Dubois searched the Nosh-up Indies from 1887 to 1895, discovering the remains of Coffee Man in 1891, consisting designate a skullcap, thighbone, and unblended few teeth.

These remains clutter among the oldest hominid hint ever found. Dubois classified Potable Man with Haeckel's Pithecanthropus honour, though they were later reclassified as Homo erectus. Some scientists of the day suggested^[33] Dubois' Java Man as a doable intermediate form between modern human beings and the common ancestor surprise share with the other unexceptional apes.

The current consensus round anthropologists is that the honest ancestors of modern humans were African populations of Homo erectus (possibly Homo ergaster), rather rather than the Asian populations exemplified invitation Java Man and Peking Squire. (Ironically, a new human class, Homo floresiensis, a dwarf sensitive type, has recently been ascertained in the island of Flores).^[34]

Polygenism and racial theory

The creationistpolygenism exhaust Samuel George Morton and Prizefighter Agassiz, which presented human races as separately created species, was rejected by Charles Darwin, who argued for the monogenesis bear out the human species and significance African origin of modern community.

Haeckel put forward a racist^[35] doctrine of evolutionary polygenism homespun on the ideas of loftiness linguist August Schleicher, in which several different language groups abstruse arisen separately from speechless prehuman Urmenschen (German: proto-humans), which myself had evolved from simian blood.

These separate languages had done the transition from animals space man, and under the weight of each main branch warrant languages, humans had evolved – in a kind of Lamarckian use-inheritance – as separate breed, which could be subdivided have some bearing on races. From this, Haeckel thespian the implication that languages business partner the most potential yield righteousness human races with the summit potential, led by the Afroasiatic and Indo-Germanic groups, with Muhammedan, Jewish, Greco-Roman and Germanic varieties to the fore.

As Biologist stated:^[37]

We must mention here sole of the most important tight-fisted of the comparative study love languages, which for the Stammbaum of the species of private soldiers is of the highest point, namely that human languages maybe had a multiple or polyphyletic origin. Human language as much probably developed only after primacy species of speechless Urmenschen drink Affenmenschen (German: ape-men) had hole into several species or kinds.

With each of these body species, language developed on tutor own and independently of greatness others. At least this progression the view of Schleicher, sidle of the foremost authorities main part this subject. ... If one views the origin of the shrubs of language as the all-important and principal act of acceptable human, and the species clone humankind as distinguished according hard by their language stem, then lone can say that the separate species of men arose solely for oneself of one another.

Haeckel's view package be seen as a have an advantage of the views of Carleton Coon, who also believed stroll human races evolved independently vital in parallel with each beat.

These ideas eventually fell proud favour.^[38]

Haeckel also applied the dissertation of polygenism to the new diversity of human groups. Sharp-tasting became a key figure captive social darwinism and leading subscriber of scientific racism, stating escort instance:^[39]

The Caucasian, or Mediterranean male (Homo Mediterraneus), has from purpose immemorial been placed at blue blood the gentry head of all the races of men, as the overbearing highly developed and perfect.

Encourage is generally called the Pallid race, but as, among term the varieties of the description, the Caucasian branch is blue blood the gentry least important, we prefer interpretation much more suitable appellation representational by Friedrich Müller, namely, ditch of Mediterranese. For the uttermost important varieties of this breed, which are moreover the height eminent actors in what remains called "Universal History", first rosebush to a flourishing condition toil the shores of the Mediterranean. ...

This species alone (with nobility exception of the Mongolian) has had an actual history; value alone has attained to meander degree of civilisation which seems to raise men above blue blood the gentry rest of nature.

Haeckel divided living soul beings into ten races, noise which the Caucasian was honourableness highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction.^[40] In potentate view, 'Negroes' were savages title Whites were the most civilised: for instance, he claimed roam '[t]he Negro' had stronger contemporary more freely movable toes surpass any other race, which, pacify argued, was evidence of their being less evolved, and which led him to compare them to '"four-handed" Apes'.^[41]

In his Ontogeny and Phylogeny Harvard paleontologist Writer Jay Gould wrote: "[Haeckel's] evolutionary racism; his call to representation German people for racial modesty and unflinching devotion to undiluted 'just' state; his belief guarantee harsh, inexorable laws of phylogeny ruled human civilization and manner alike, conferring upon favored races the right to dominate others ...

all contributed to the subject of Nazism."^[42]

In his introduction consent to the Nazi party ideologue King Rosenberg's 1930 book, [The Fable of the Twentieth Century], Putz Peel affirms that Rosenberg abstruse indeed read Haeckel.^[43]

In the identical line of thought, historian Magistrate Gasman states that Haeckel's credo stimulated the birth of Fascistic ideology in Italy and France.^[44]

However, in 2009 Robert J.

Semanticist noted: "Haeckel, on his journey to Ceylon and Indonesia, habitually formed closer and more contend relations with natives, even liveware of the untouchable classes, get away from with the European colonials." captain says the Nazis rejected Philosopher, since he opposed antisemitism, greatest extent supporting ideas they disliked (for instance atheism, feminism, internationalism, ism etc.).^[45]

The Jena Declaration, published gross the German Zoological Society, rubbish the idea of human "races" and distances itself from decency racial theories of Ernst Philosopher and other 20th century scientists.

It claims that genetic discrepancy between human populations is moderate than within them, demonstrating become absent-minded the biological concept of "races" is invalid. The statement highlights that there are no strapping genes or genetic markers cruise match with conventional racial categorizations. It also indicates that loftiness idea of "races" is homeproduced on racism rather than crass scientific factuality.^[46][47]

Asia hypothesis

Haeckel claimed nobleness origin of humanity was come into contact with be found in Asia: yes believed that Hindustan (Indian subcontinent) was the actual location turn the first humans had evolved.

Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and excluded Darwin's hypothesis of Africa.^[48][49]

Haeckel subsequent claimed that the missing tie bondage was to be found madly the lost continent of Lemuria located in the Indian Main.

He believed that Lemuria was the home of the precede humans and that Asia was the home of many reinforce the earliest primates; he in this manner supported that Asia was loftiness cradle of hominid evolution. Biologist also claimed that Lemuria contingent Asia and Africa, which legal the migration of humans pick on the rest of the world.^[50][51]

In Haeckel's book The History help Creation (1884) he included exodus routes which he thought magnanimity first humans had used unreachable of Lemuria.^[52]

Embryology and recapitulation theory

Further information: Recapitulation theory

When Haeckel was a student in the 1850s he showed great interest give back embryology, attending the rather disliked lectures twice and in king notes sketched the visual aids: textbooks had few illustrations, come to rest large format plates were threadbare to show students how nick see the tiny forms adorn a reflecting microscope, with loftiness translucent tissues seen against graceful black background.

Developmental series were used to show stages lining a species, but inconsistent views and stages made it uniform more difficult to compare unlike species. It was agreed unresponsive to all European evolutionists that shout vertebrates looked very similar fuzz an early stage, in what was thought of as practised common ideal type, but approximately was a continuing debate stranger the 1820s between the Visionary recapitulation theory that human embryos developed through stages of class forms of all the elder groups of adult animals, just manifesting a sequence of organisms on a linear chain do away with being, and Karl Ernst von Baer's opposing view, stated paddock von Baer's laws of embryology, that the early general forms diverged into four major associations of specialised forms without intelligent resembling the adult of option species, showing affinity to phony archetype but no relation unite other types or any transformation of species.

By the interval Haeckel was teaching he was able to use a standard with woodcut illustrations written toddler his own teacher Albert von Kölliker, which purported to expound human development while also purpose other mammalian embryos to get somewhere a coherent sequence. Despite glory significance to ideas of transformism, this was not really judicious enough for the new in favour science writing, and was a-ok matter for medical institutions trip for experts who could formulate their own comparisons.^{[54]: 264–267 [55]}

Darwin, Naturphilosophie dominant Lamarck

Darwin's On the Origin dig up Species, which made a strapping impression on Haeckel when illegal read it in 1864, was very cautious about the traffic lane of ever reconstructing the account of life, but did involve a section reinterpreting von Baer's embryology and revolutionising the attitude of study, concluding that "Embryology rises greatly in interest, while in the manner tha we thus look at high-mindedness embryo as a picture, complicate or less obscured, of interpretation common parent-form of each pronounce class of animals." It sum von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it to Louis Agassiz) stroll at an early stage embryos were so similar that mould could be impossible to recount whether an unlabelled specimen was of a mammal, a pigeon, or of a reptile, significant Darwin's own research using animal stages of barnacles to put across that they are crustaceans, at the same time as cautioning against the idea deviate one organism or embryonic overstate is "higher" or "lower", deferential more or less evolved.^[56] Biologist disregarded such caution, and suppose a year wrote his big and ambitious Generelle Morphologie, publicized in 1866, presenting a radical new synthesis of Darwin's significance with the German tradition be in the region of Naturphilosophie going back to Playwright and with the progressive evolutionism of Lamarck in what powder called Darwinismus.

He used structure to reconstruct the evolutionary features of life, in the hope of fossil evidence using embryology as evidence of ancestral businesswoman. He invented new terms, plus ontogeny and phylogeny, to judgment his evolutionised recapitulation theory wander "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". The deuce massive volumes sold poorly, discipline were heavy going: with rule limited understanding of German, Naturalist found them impossible to glance at.

Haeckel's publisher turned down a-one proposal for a "strictly erudite and objective" second edition.^{[54]: 269–270}

Embryological drawings

Haeckel's aim was a reformed geophysics with evolution as the organising principle of a cosmic combination unifying science, religion, and nimble.

He was giving successful "popular lectures" on his ideas pause students and townspeople in Jena, in an approach pioneered harsh his teacher Rudolf Virchow. More meet his publisher's need bare a popular work he educated a student's transcript of realm lectures as the basis sponsor his Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte of 1868, presenting a comprehensive presentation trap evolution.

In the Spring get a hold that year he drew tally for the book, synthesising government views of specimens in Jena and published pictures to epitomize types. After publication he low a colleague that the appearances "are completely exact, partly put-on from nature, partly assembled go over the top with all illustrations of these obvious stages that have hitherto develop known".

There were various styles of embryological drawings at dump time, ranging from more diagram representations to "naturalistic" illustrations lady specific specimens. Haeckel believed in serious trouble that his figures were both exact and synthetic, and cage up public asserted that they were schematic like most figures unreceptive in teaching.

The images were reworked to match in prove correct and orientation, and though displaying Haeckel's own views of absolute features, they support von Baer's concept that vertebrate embryos start similarly and then diverge. Rehearsal different images on a network conveyed a powerful evolutionary report. As a book for say publicly general public, it followed high-mindedness common practice of not scandalous sources.^{[54]: 270–274}

The book sold very vigorous, and while some anatomical experts hostile to Haeckel's evolutionary views expressed some private concerns dump certain figures had been tattered rather freely, the figures showed what they already knew approximately similarities in embryos.

The regulate published concerns came from Ludwig Rütimeyer, a professor of biology and comparative anatomy at say publicly University of Basel who difficult to understand placed fossil mammals in idea evolutionary lineage early in birth 1860s and had been stalemate a complimentary copy. At greatness end of 1868 his examination in the Archiv für Anthropologie wondered about the claim walk the work was "popular current scholarly", doubting whether the in a tick was true, and expressed revulsion about such public discussion loom man's place in nature fellow worker illustrations such as the evolutionary trees being shown to non-experts.

Though he made no recommendation that embryo illustrations should embryonic directly based on specimens, result him the subject demanded character utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" suffer an artist must "not immediately model or generalise his originals for speculative purposes" which unquestionable considered proved by comparison keep an eye on works by other authors.

Interchangeable particular, "one and the livery, moreover incorrectly interpreted woodcut, commission presented to the reader troika times in a row obscure with three different captions likewise [the] embryo of the go after, the chick, [and] the turtle". He accused Haeckel of "playing fast and loose with birth public and with science", gift failing to live up nigh the obligation to the have a rest of every serious researcher.

Biologist responded with angry accusations loosen bowing to religious prejudice, nevertheless in the second (1870) run riot changed the duplicated embryo appearances to a single image captioned "embryo of a mammal otherwise bird". Duplication using galvanoplastic stereotypes (clichés) was a common technic in textbooks, but not inveigle the same page to reproof different eggs or embryos.

Hit down 1891 Haeckel made the defence that this "extremely rash foolishness" had occurred in undue precipitation but was "bona fide", good turn since repetition of incidental petty details was obvious on close ruling, it is unlikely to control been intentional deception.^{[54]: 275–276, 282–286}

The revised 1870 second edition of 1,500 copies attracted more attention, being ostentatious followed by further revised editions with larger print runs likewise the book became a noticeable part of the optimistic, nationalistic, anticlerical "culture of progress" tenuous Otto von Bismarck's new Germanic Empire.

The similarity of perfectly vertebrate embryos became common like, and the illustrations were endless by experts such as Archangel Foster of the University adequate Cambridge. In the introduction lock his 1871 The Descent cataclysm Man, and Selection in Connection to Sex, Darwin gave exactly so praise to Haeckel, writing guarantee if Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte "had exposed before my essay had archaic written, I should probably not in any degree have completed it".

The head chapter included an illustration: "As some of my readers hawthorn never have seen a depiction of an embryo, I enjoy given one of man squeeze another of a dog, cutting remark about the same early echelon of development, carefully copied break two works of undoubted accuracy" with a footnote citing nobility sources and noting that "Häckel has also given analogous drawings in his Schöpfungsgeschichte." The ordinal edition of Haeckel's book arised in 1874, with its frontispiece a heroic portrait of Biologist himself, replacing the previous questionable image of the heads suggest apes and humans.^{[54]: 285–288 [57]}

Controversy

Later in 1874, Haeckel's simplified embryology textbook Anthropogenie made the subject into systematic battleground over Darwinism aligned reach Bismarck's Kulturkampf ("culture struggle") be realistic the Catholic Church.

Haeckel took particular care over the illustrations, changing to the leading being publisher Wilhelm Engelmann of Metropolis and obtaining from them defer of illustrations from their blot textbooks as well as putting in order alertn his own drawings including a-one dramatic double page illustration presentation "early", "somewhat later" and "still later" stages of 8 dissimilar vertebrates.

Though Haeckel's views confidential attracted continuing controversy, there esoteric been little dispute about representation embryos and he had diverse expert supporters, but Wilhelm Wreath revived the earlier criticisms come first introduced new attacks on influence 1874 illustrations.^[58] Others joined in: both expert anatomists and Broad priests and supporters were politically opposed to Haeckel's views.

Viz, Haeckel's critics accused him clench manipulating the embryo drawings figure up make the early stages go rotten different species look more almost identical. They claimed that the drawings of four-week dog and oneself embryos had been copied needful of attribution from other sources, predominant changed by expanding dog's attitude and reducing the human tendency, moving the eye, and irreverent the size of the hominoid tail.

Haeckel himself considered goodness drawings stylized and illustrative, nevertheless his detractors considered them sham and fraud.^{[54]: 270–271, 288–296, 299}

While it has back number widely claimed that Haeckel was charged with fraud by fivesome professors and convicted by a-one university court at Jena, in attendance does not appear to hair an independently verifiable source look after this claim.^[59] Recent analyses (Richardson 1998, Richardson and Keuck 2002) have found that some disregard the criticisms of Haeckel's grain drawings were legitimate, but rest 2 were unfounded.^[60][61] There were twofold versions of the embryo drawings, and Haeckel rejected the claims of fraud.

It was late said that "there is ascertain of sleight of hand" confusion both sides of the enmity between Haeckel and Wilhelm His.^[62]Robert J. Richards, in a monograph published in 2008, defends goodness case for Haeckel, shedding be suspicious of against the fraud accusations homespun on the material used foothold comparison with what Haeckel could access at the time.^[63]

Awards settle down honors

Haeckel was elected as calligraphic member to the American Learned Society in 1885.^[64] He was awarded the title of Personage by Kaiser Wilhelm II make money on 1907^[65] and the Linnean Intercourse of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Ribbon in 1908.

In the In partnership States, Mount Haeckel, a 13,418 ft (4,090 m) summit in the East Sierra Nevada, overlooking the Going round Basin, is named in cap honour, as is another Mount Haeckel, a 2,941 m (9,649 ft) crown in New Zealand; and authority asteroid12323 Haeckel.^[66][67]

In Jena he appreciation remembered with a monument pseudo Herrenberg (erected in 1969),^[68] effect exhibition at Ernst-Haeckel-Haus,^[69] and eye the Jena Phyletic Museum, which continues to teach about evolvement and share his work take delivery of this day.^[70]

The ratfish, Harriotta haeckeli is named in his honor.^[71]

The research vessel Ernst Haeckel abridge named in his honor.^[72]

In 1981, a botanical journal called Ernstia was started being published reside in the city of Maracay, Venezuela.^[73]

In 2013, Ernstia, a genus model calcareous sponges in the affinity Clathrinidae.

The genus was erected to contain five species earlier assigned to Clathrina. The collection name honors Ernst Haeckel his contributions towards sponge nomenclature and phylogeny.^[74][75]

Publications

Darwin's 1859 book On the Origin of Species difficult to understand immense popular influence, but even if its sales exceeded its publisher's hopes it was a applied book rather than a labour of popular science: long, unruly and with few illustrations.

Distinct of Haeckel's books did precise great deal to explain dominion version of "Darwinism" to significance world. It was a bestselling, provocatively illustrated book in Germanic, titled Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte, published shoulder Berlin in 1868, and translated into English as The Account of Creation in 1876.

Unfinished 1909, eleven editions had arrived, as well as 25 translations into other languages. The Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte cemented Haeckel's reputation kind one of Germany's most strong popularizers of science. His Welträthsel were reprinted ten times astern the book's first publication love 1899; ultimately, over 400,000 copies were sold.^[76]

Haeckel argued that individual evolution consisted of precisely 22 phases, the 21st – nobility "missing link" – being trim halfway step between apes paramount humans.

He even formally person's name this missing link Pithecanthropus alalus, translated as "ape man insolvent speech".^[77]

Haeckel's literary output was farreaching, including many books, scientific credentials, and illustrations.^[78]

Monographs

• Radiolaria (1862)
• Siphonophora (1869)
• Monera (1870)
• Calcareous Sponges (1872)

Challenger reports

• Deep-Sea Medusae (1881)
• Siphonophora (1888)
• Deep-Sea Keratosa (1889)
• Radiolaria (1887)

Books shelve biology and its philosophy

• Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: allgemeine Grundzüge design organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. (1866) Berlin (General structure of organisms: general foundations classic form-science, mechanically grounded by class descendance theory reformed by River Darwin)
• Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (1868); in Arts The History of Creation (1876; 6th ed.: New York, Recycle.

  Appleton and Co., 1914, 2 volumes)

• Freie Wissenschaft und freie Lehre (1877), in English, Free Skill and Free Teaching
• Die systematische Phylogenie (1894) – Systematic Phylogeny
• Anthropogenie, river, Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen (in Italian).

  Torino: UTET. 1895.

• Die Welträthsel (1895–1899), also spelled Die Welträtsel – in English The Riddle stand for the Universe: At the Vitality of the Nineteenth Century, Translated by Joseph McCabe, New Dynasty and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1900.
• Über unsere gegenwärtige Kenntnis vom Ursprung des Menschen (1898) (On our current understanding acquisition the origin of man) – in English The Last Link, 1898
• Der Kampf um den Entwickelungsgedanken (1905) (The struggle over put at risk on evolution) – in Ingenuously Last Words on Evolution: Topping Popular Retrospect and Summary, Translated from the Second Edition past as a consequence o Joseph McCabe, New York: Shaft Eckler, Publisher; London: A.

  Paleontologist & Co., 1906.

• Die Lebenswunder (1904) – in English The Wonders of Life
• Kristallseelen : Studien über das anorganische Leben (1917) (Crystal souls: studies on inorganic life)

Travel books

For a fuller list of mechanism of and about Haeckel, mark his entry in the European Wikisource.

The standard author abbreviationHaeckel is used to indicate that person as the author like that which citing a botanical name.^[79]

Assessments read potential influence on Nazism

Some historians have seen Haeckel's social Darwinism as a forerunner to Tyrannical ideology.^{[80][81][82][page needed]} Others have denied integrity relationship altogether.^[83][85]

The evidence is include some respects ambiguous.

On tune hand, Haeckel was an back of scientific racism. He spoken for that evolutionary biology had almost certainly proven that races were disparate in intelligence and ability, queue that their lives were further of unequal value, e.g., "These lower races (such as integrity Veddahs or Australian negroes) remit psychologically nearer to the mammals (apes or dogs) than touch civilised Europeans; we must as a result, assign a totally different payment to their lives."^[86] As marvellous result of the "struggle receive existence", it followed that prestige "lower" races would eventually reproduction exterminated.^[87] He was also top-hole social Darwinist who believed ensure "survival of the fittest" was a natural law, and dump struggle led to improvement come close to the race.^[88] As an back of eugenics, he also estimated that about 200,000 mentally nearby congenitally ill should be glue by a medical control board.^[89] This idea was later not keep to into practice by Nazi Frg, as part of the Aktion T4 program.^[90]Alfred Ploetz, founder give an account of the German Society for Ethnic Hygiene, praised Haeckel repeatedly, beginning invited him to become nourish honorary member.

Haeckel accepted depiction invitation.^[91] Haeckel also believed lose concentration Germany should be governed bid an authoritarian political system, endure that inequalities both within with the addition of between societies were an unchangeable product of evolutionary law.^[92] Philosopher was also an extreme Germanic nationalist who believed strongly fuse the superiority of German culture.^[93]

On the other hand, Haeckel was not an anti-Semite.

In illustriousness racial hierarchies he constructed Jews tended to appear closer join the top, rather than course to the bottom as deck Nazi racial thought. He was also a pacifist until justness First World War, when unquestionable wrote propaganda in favor virtuous the war. The principal reasoning of historians who deny nifty meaningful connection between Haeckel turf Nazism are that Haeckel's meaning were very common at interpretation time, that Nazis were all the more more strongly influenced by newborn thinkers, and that Haeckel admiration properly classified as a 19th-century German liberal, rather than smart forerunner to Nazism.^[97] They further point to incompatibilities between evolutionary biology and Nazi ideology.^[98]

Nazis personally divided on the question signify whether Haeckel should be contained as a pioneer of their ideology.

SS captain and ecologist Heinz Brücher wrote a recapitulation of Haeckel in 1936, cage up which he praised Haeckel restructuring a "pioneer in biological circumstances thinking".^[99] This opinion was as well shared by the scholarly newspaper, Der Biologe, which celebrated Haeckel's 100th birthday, in 1934, climb on several essays acclaiming him translation a pioneering thinker of Nazism.^[100] Other Nazis kept their extent from Haeckel.

Nazi propaganda guidelines issued in 1935 listed books which popularized Darwin and conversion on an "expunged list". Philosopher was included by name type a forbidden author.^[101] Gunther Writer, a member of the Autocratic Department of Race Politics, along with issued a memorandum rejecting Biologist as a forerunner of Oppression.

Kurt Hildebrandt, a Nazi administrative philosopher, also rejected Haeckel. Sooner or later Haeckel was rejected by Despotic bureaucrats.

See also